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Because I’ve always done well on standardized tests (and on everything related to school, really) my plan for taking the GRE was this: I’d roll into the testing center, get my 1500 and go home leaving everyone duly impressed. And that was sort of what happened: I wasn’t nervous, the test was entertaining enough, and I got a good score. However, this was a Computer Administered Test (CAT), meaning that unlike most standardized tests, I was exerting quite a bit of effort as I was taking it: after every correct answer I gave, the program gave me a harder question (and after each question I answered incorrectly, I got an easier question). In this way, the program found a level challenging to me and gave me a continuous volley of questions that I found difficult but not impossible. It was quite a change from (and quite a bit more efficient than) the easy-as-pie but ponderous paper-administered tests — the math section for the entire computer-administered GRE took only forty-five minutes and twenty-eight questions.1
In the end, what this efficiency highlighted for me was the starkness of standardization: despite my doing well on the math section, my high score felt undeserved. I honestly didn’t know the answer to many of the questions — only because the test was multiple-choice was I able to guess (successfully, apparently) using ingenuity and elimination. To give you an idea: it took me a couple minutes to remember the formula for the area of a circle; another question asked me to find the area of a non-rectilinear parallelogram when I only knew the length of the two sides — now, I knew I couldn’t just multiply the sides like I could if it were a rectangle, and I also knew I needed to determine the height of the object, but I had no friggin’ idea how . . . when I was in ninth grade I would have solved the problem in less than a minute, but on the GRE I ended up guessing. Anyway, the point is that, had the math section been short-answer rather than multiple-choice, my overall score would have dropped by 200 points or so.
That, in itself, was not overly distressing. The GRE tests a person’s ability to take a test, as well as gives a generalized sense of how well a person can apply basic math, grammar and reading comprehension to a multiple choice format. And, in many ways, it’s fair. If you can’t do well on the GRE (like if you can’t score, say, above 1200) it seems unlikely that you’d be able to excel in graduate school — possible, perhaps, but unlikely considering that part of graduate school involves applied learning, tests, and memorization. So the problem isn’t the GRE. The problem arises when standardized tests cannibalize deeper knowledge to the point where nobody knows much of anything, other than how to take standardized tests. This, I realized, is what I found so unsettling about my performance in the GRE math section — I had done well because in high school I spent a lot of time learning mathematical concepts and really understanding everything involved; back then, I was very good at math — I wanted to be a physics professor, after all. And while I’ve since forgotten most of the specific facts associated with that knowledge, I retained the general concepts and the ability to apply those concepts to mathematical problem solving . . . which was lucky for me when I took the GRE.
But — and this is crucial — had I never understood much about math and instead spent hours upon hours of drudgery pouring over my preparation booklet, learning all the little superficial tricks, I could have got an equally high score without having truly understood much of anything. An example: in math class during junior high there were always several kids who, if given a problem in a recognizable format, could solve it, but, if the slightest thing were changed (if, for example, they were given an algebraic story problem instead of having the formula written out for them, or if the variables weren’t in their normal places, or if there were two variables and they were asked to solve for one, or the fractions weren’t reduced to their lowest common denominators) they would be completely baffled, and start asking: “What do I do? What do I do? I don’t know how to solve this!” when, in fact, they had many times over been given all the knowledge necessary to solve the problem. They were befuddled because they’d never bothered to understand the underlying concepts — they were completely unable to apply their skills to something slightly unfamiliar. So, although these kids were masters at plugging the Pythagorean theorem into their calculator, eventually their lack of sophisticated knowledge caught up with them and they had to downgrade to average-level classes where (presumably) nobody gave a boo about the quadratic equation being the solution for x in the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, but everyone knew that on a particular test they’d see a question, worded in a particular way, that would be code for use the quadratic equation, at which point they’d whip out their calculator and perform the function while barely understanding what they were doing.
The thought of this frightens me, frankly — I was always creeped out by the kids who did that sort of thing in high school, partially because they were so proud that they could program their graphing calculator to cheat for them, and partially because they seemed to have such reckless disregard for complexity, shades of gray, and literature. These were the kids who thought the SAT was the indicator of intelligence and who oohhed and ahhed at those students who got 1600s (theoretical students, of course — not anyone they knew and could thumb their noses at), while assuming that such ’super-beings’ were intelligent in just the same way they were, only more so — in other words, it never occurred to them that they themselves were solving the problems on the SAT very superficially, and that, though they were good at taking tests, the people who did really well had a much better grasp of the fundamental concepts and thus rarely felt the need to obsess over a test score.
It therefore seems to me (not the least of which because I’ve personally known such nerdy test-obsessives) that a primary focus of our educational system should be playing down the importance of standardized tests and emphasizing more holistic teaching. And yet, to my dismay, George Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act legislates that teachers and schools do exactly the opposite — exactly what strikes me as most disastrous: that every student take lots of tests, that these tests are rigidly standardized (meaning that they can only test superficial knowledge), and that high performance be equated with ‘excellence’ and ‘learning.’
In the last couple years, several books that research the intended versus actual effects of Bush’s educational reform have been written. Each one concludes2 that high-stakes testing is detrimental to learning, reduces the quality and effectiveness of teaching in the classroom, causes kids to be less enthusiastic about school, drives the best teachers out of the profession, and ignores (or enhances) the underlying problems with our current educational system. One of the best and most thorough of these books is The Testing Trap: How State Writing Assessments Control Learning by George Hillocks, Jr. In it, Hillocks — a long-time educator, professor, and researcher — points out that writing, more than any other academic pursuit, involves a synthesis of high-level thinking. It is a way to express complicated ideas — in order to prove a thesis, one has to incorporate evidence, understand the evidence, describe it properly, make sure it is logically sound, and do all of this while using good grammar and a proper tone, making sure the argument flows smoothly and while using prose that is engaging enough to hold the reader’s attention. Writing, he says, is a complicated process that draws on many skills and, because it can’t be reduced to a multiple-choice questionnaire, at least in theory it has the chance to be good standard by which to evaluate the academic progress of children. He then investigates how well state writing assessments are used, whether or not they enhance learning and teaching, and whether they effectively document a child’s intellectual growth.
The results of his findings are depressing: the states that have mandatory standardized writing tests (high-stakes or not) end up watering down their standards and avoid teaching kids about the involved, time-consuming-and-rewarding process of brainstorming, testing ideas, working through drafts, doing corroborative research, and coming to a final, finished piece. Instead, the school systems simplify the tests so they can be graded within a reasonable amount of man-hours, so that the teachers can teach very specific skills, and so that an appreciable number of kids can pass them. Even worse, because these tests are deemed most important, the students aren’t taught any kind of writing other than how to perform well on the tests. Hillocks points out that with such hard-and-fast standards it’s easiest for everyone to work in shorthand — teach in shorthand, learn in shorthand, and grade for use of shorthand.
Once this mentality takes hold, it’s nearly impossible to change — many of the questions on the tests don’t allow students to use anything but shorthand: frequently tests ask for ‘evidence,’ but don’t provide the student with supporting texts from which to draw ‘evidence.’ So, for example, if a student is asked to evaluate school-integration busing and provide data to support his claims, the student is in a tough spot — he’s not given any data to work with. Unless he happens to know the statistical facts and research about such busing (extremely unlikely) his ‘data’ will consist of phrases like, “As we all know, integration promotes healthy attitudes,” or “One has to consider the costs involved — clearly it’s much more expensive to bus than to not bus . . .” Hillocks explains that often the graders view such phrases positively, without any regard to where the student gets this ‘evidence’ — whether it’s verifiable, logical, or merely made-up. Furthermore, if a different student were to write an essay about how she has limited knowledge of integration busing, that she can offer some ideas, but can’t draw any firm conclusions based on the knowledge she has, she will most likely receive a very low score.
After reading Hillocks’ and several similar books, all replete with academic horror stories, the image I get of the No Child Left Behind Act is one of a large machine churning with no regard for learning, for common sense, or for the many fingers that will inevitably get caught and mangled in its cogs. The act calls for decreased funding to schools that are not able to meet standardized test thresholds — this, it appears, is Bush’s wrongheaded idea of motivation, or as he puts it, “Insist on results. Blow the whistle on failure.” 3 and in another speech: “We will praise and reward success — and shine a spotlight of shame on failure.” 4 How Bush expects anyone, under such crippling and boorish pressure, to perform the arduous, time-consuming, and gradual foundation-building necessary to create a successful school — a school that is the bulwark of its community — is beyond me. As the authors5 of The Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Testing point out: “The bill does little to address the underlying issues that led to school violence, poverty, or low achievement . . . the option to simply abandon public schools fails to recognize the critical role a strong public education plays in a democratic society.”
If you listen to Bush’s rhetoric about education, he always seems to regard the whole process as one long, tiresome, muck-filled slog, as an incredible chore that — though a pain — must be performed by the children and enforced by adults; some sort of wearisome endurance test or some sort of medicine that must be swallowed, gulp after gulp. This is as wrong-headed as his ideas about motivation and, because of this attitude (and because of the reform he’s enacted), it certainly feels like he’s intent on raising a bunch of burdened and un-inquisitive children who will grow up to be grouchy, slow-witted adults highly susceptible to demagoguery — in short, it’s very easy to be cynical.
And there are many, after studying our schools, who are cynical: Arthur Macewan, in his article “Why Business Likes More Testing,” 6 suggests, among other things, that businesses like more testing because it ranks students by the degree to which they buy into and accept authority: “What business wants from the schools is a populace that accepts the status quo and a workforce ready to meet its needs . . . business wants what it has always wanted — people who will follow the rules.” Macewan has the highly-depressing view that schools and the current testing system is all in the service of stratifying society, of making its citizens blind to (and incapable of enacting) meaningful societal reform. He even states: “‘Bad’ schools are not dysfunctional. They are performing an important social function of channeling people into the lowest level of employment.” As he point out: “There are numerous jobs that . . . cannot be moved abroad. Food service workers and janitors, two of the jobs categories that are expected to provide the largest number of new jobs during the current decade [the 1990s], are good examples.” His vision has the heavy undertow of conspiracy theory, making it at once intriguing and dismissible — on one hand, surely there’s not an organized corporate cabal dedicated to brainwashing our youth, but then on the other hand, a lot of what Macewan says is true: business want their employees “to follow company rules, to be ready for overtime when needed, to identify with the company, and give paramount attention to the goal of ‘productivity,’” and it seems, coincidence or not, that with the current testing craze many kids are getting indoctrinated into this system.
Like most gloom-filled, tract-like prognoses of failure and conspiracy, Macewan’s article offers no solutions — only a trenchant critique. For optimism — or at least a viable alternative — we must turn back to Hillocks, who, as researcher and scholar, can give some remedies for how to improve our schools. The most obvious and clear remedy he sees, is to train the teachers — apparently, in the hubbub to spend money on testing and ‘accountability,’ the Bush administration forgot that (as Hillocks puts it) if you want to improve learning, you must intervene on the level of teaching. In his research, Hillocks found that many teachers were simply unaware of the most effective methods of teaching. Unsurprisingly, Bush’s act provides no money to retrain them — furthermore, the expectations of the No Child Act are conducive to traditional lecturing and enforced memorization, two of the least effective ways to teach our children. . . .
But, even though the current state of affairs is decidedly depressing, we do know the most effective methods of teaching: interactive learning, class discussions, class participation and the incorporation of many different viewpoints — these methods engage children’s interest, teach them complex concepts, increase empathy, and give them the power and desire to think on their own. And this knowledge, in a small way, is heartening: a good education may, as a result of Bush’s policies, be more difficult, but it’s certainly still possible — and that should give us hope.
Alex Starace (alex@professoryeti.com) would like to thank all his K-12 teachers, particularly Ms. Quinlan, Ms. V, Mr. Mac, McMasters, Mrs. Munksgaard, and the inimitable Mr. Emery.
1. If I remember correctly, the paper-administered SAT had two math sections, adding up to over 60 questions and well over an hour of testing. This is because the SAT had to include a variety of easy, medium, and hard questions for everyone — the test needed a large sample size since it couldn’t focus the questions to the abilities of a specific test taker.
2. In fairness, I should clarify: of the six randomly selected books I checked out from the library upon the subject, all of them came to this conclusion.
3. The quote is from Hillocks’ book, page 10.
4. ibid, page 11.
5. M. Gail Jones, Brett D. Jones, and Tracy Y. Hargrove
6. I found the article in the anthology, Failing Our Kids: Why the Testing Craze Won’t Fix Our Schools.
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